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Print
ISSN:
2067-533X
Online ISSN: 2067-8223
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ARCHIVE: Volume
10 - 2019
Volume
10, Issue 1, March 2019
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Research
articles
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T. Rosado, R. Santos, M. Silva, A. Galvão, J. Mirao, A.
Candeias, A.T. Caldeira
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Mitigation Approach to Avoid Fungal Colonisation of Porous
Limestone
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[
Abstract ]
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This work highlights the
importance and eficacy of BEVOTECH solutions to inhibit
fungal development on rock surfaces. These natural, ecofriendly
and safe biocompounds can overcome the biodecay processes,
constituting an alternative and innovative solution for
rock materials preservation. The three BEVOTECH biocompounds
promoted efficient inhibition levels for Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Cladosporium and Acremonium, being completely safe for rock
materials, do not inducing any alteration on colour, texture
and structure of the stones. Mitigation strategies using
combinatory application of these new solutions seems to
be an efficient strategy to control and eliminate a complex
population that usually colonise Cultural Heritage assets.
According to the efficiency and safety of these novel biocompounds,
their implementation on the plan of conservation and intervention
process needs to be outlined and include on mitigation strategies
to prevent, control and minimise biodeterioration, to contribute
for the preservation and safeguard of these cultural assets.
Keywords: Biocolonisation;
Alteration stone; Bioactive compounds; Mitigation strategies
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Investigating Pre-1949 Chinese Paper-Based Materials By
Raman Spectroscopy: Short Review (2000-2017)
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[
Abstract ]
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Raman spectroscopy over the
last two decades has shown its power and great potential in
advancing our knowledge about the use of materials in the
human past. Raman applications on paper-based materials are
relatively few, however, compared to the countless case studies
on other base materials. In this short review, I summarize
post-2000 Raman applications on Chinese paper-based materials,
in the hope of keeping non-Chinese scientists updated—which
subjects have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy and
to address what questions, how Raman applications shed light
on the manufacture of pre-1949 Chinese paper-based materials,
and what interesting topics arise from these Raman applications.
I close my review by proposing a few topics worthy of exploration
and investigation in future Raman applications.
Keywords: Raman spectroscopy;
Dyed papers; Indigo; Fiat money; Painting; Authenticity.
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R.P. Escobin, J.M. Conda, M. Ramos, M.D. Rizare, R.E. Cortez
Jr.
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Scientific Restoration of National Shrines and Landmarks
in the Philippines by The Forest Products Research and Development
Institute Wood Identification Technique
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[
Abstract ]
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This is the output of 5 contract
projects collaborated by the Forest Products Research and
Development Institute(FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines
(NHCP) in the last 5 years. Within the period covered, 5 project
sites classified as shrines and landmarks in the country were
visited and 1,911 items of movable, immovable, furniture and
other woodcrafts were identified in the field and the laboratory.
DOST-FPRDI developed a practical wood identification in the
scientific identification of the samples from the field to
the final identification in the Herbarium and Xylarium (CLP¬
, CLPW ) using the authentic samples. Published available
literature were also consulted to confirm identification.
Simple tools were used in the field i.e., 20x Coddington hand
lens, NT cutter, lighter, flashlights, hand gloves and face
masks to gather preliminary identification of the woodcrafts.
Macro-photographs were also taken for each species of sample
examined for the final identification in the laboratory using
a Leica stereoscope. Field notes were also gathered from the
field i.e., accession number, personal conversation with the
curators and the age of specimens. All the woodcrafts were
identified with an acceptable level of accuracy (80%) comparable
to the newly introduced computer-based xylotron by the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) aimed to remove bias
in the identification of wood.
Keywords: Practical wood
identification; Herbarium and xylarium; Restoration of shrines
and landmarks.
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A.R. Ramalhinho, M.F. Macedo
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Cultural Heritage Risk Analysis Models: An Overview
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[
Abstract ]
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The
risk assessment is a critical step in achieving, defining
and supporting the decision-making process. In this context,
in the past two decades, an increase in the number of models
for assessing/analysis of risks applied to collections and/or
immobile cultural heritage was observed. The present work
consists of the first review of the literature, from 1999
to 2016, on risk assessment applied to movable and immovable
cultural heritage. A total of twenty-seven risk assessment
models have been compiled that can be applied to different
types of cultural heritage such as: immovable property (26%)
and movable property (74%). It was possible to conclude that
approximately 48% of the risk analysis models are quantitative,
19% are semi-quantitative and 33% of the models are qualitative.
Two different tables were created in order to help the reader:
one for movable and another to immovable cultural heritage.
These tables compile information to characterize the models
(name, type, applicability, examples, date and references).
The advantages and disadvantages of using each model was discuss
in a separated table.
Keywords: Risk assessment;
Model; Immovable; Movable; Cultural heritage; Overview .
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G. Fabiani, M. Fedi, M.R. Giuliani, G. Di Giulio, G. Galotta,
G. Goli, L. Liccioli, P. Mazzanti, G. Signorini, M. Togni
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The Discovery of Marouflage on Decorated Structural Timber
in a Villa of the XV Century
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[
Abstract ]
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A restoration project on the ancient Villa Rucellai in Quaracchi,
Florence (XV century, project attributed to Leon Battista
Alberti), kicked off the on-site inspection of the wooden
structures, as basic way for the assessment of historical
timber buildings. During the inspection of the two-trusses
timber roof, some significant remains of pictorial decorations
were found and, on many surfaces of the timber elements, some
fragments of fabric were discovered. In front of these facts,
by means of a multidisciplinary approach, the trusses were
deeply investigated according to the following examinations:
image analysis to recognise all the surfaces covered by textile
materials; 14C dating on fabric and wood, in particular applying
wiggle-matching for the latter material; microscopic analysis
to identify the textile fibers and the wooden species. The
results of the analyses, combined with the relevant information
obtained by the on-site technological inspection, confirmed
historical information on the Villa and proved the use of
mercerised flax fibers, derived from pre-existing fabric artefacts,
far older than decoration; in addition, it showed the widespread
application of fabrics made of linen, to smooth the wood surfaces
for painting, allowing us to establish the first case of "marouflage"
("incamottatura") applied on structural timber elements.
Keywords: Abies alba;
Fabric; Flax fibers; Incamottatura; King-post truss; Populus
sp.; Structural timber; Wiggle-matching
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A Scientific Approach of Preservation Treatment and Restoration
Procedures on Historical Royal Songket Sarong
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[
Abstract ]
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The object under research represents a 19th century Songket
sarong belonging to the Royal family preserved in the National
Museum of Malaysia collection. Historical reviews with analyzed
the motifs and weaving technique showed that sample represent
the Indonesia art. There is a lack of awareness on the preserving
of songket textiles towards identifying deterioration factors,
preventive preservation and restoration of historical songket
textiles. This study aims to establish a new procedure for
the preservation of historical songket textiles. It became
evident that by exposing fabrics to improper storage and display
technique had caused considerable harm to the physical, chemical
and mechanical parts of the sample. This project integrated
in three phases: historical analysis, scientific analysis
and experimental research. Scientific analysis is used to
analyze the materials in Songket textile under investigation
by examining the natural and metal fibers using chemical examinations,
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy
Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, after accurate survey, examination
and identification, the researcher developed the most reliable
procedure of preservation and new approach of restoration
that was adopted in the National Museum of Malaysia.
Keywords: Masonry;
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O. Abdel-Aziz, M. Mahmoud, Y. Abo-Elfath, S. Abdel-Aziz,
M. Samir, M. Ali
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Evaluation of Conventional Treatments for Mirrored Silver
Gelatin Prints: Experimental and Applied Study
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[
Abstract ]
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Silver gelatin prints are
found abundantly among photographic collections. They are
composed of three main components: the final image material,
filamentary silver particles; the binder, gelatin; and the
primary support, paper. Due to this complex structure, silver
gelatin prints are very vulnerable to the surrounding environment,
particularly to air pollutants. As a result, silver gelatin
prints commonly suffer from an image decay form known as
silver mirroring, a bluish metallic sheen found on the surface
of such photographs. The aim of this study is to assess
several treatments to determine which is efficient and safe
for use to treat silver mirroring. The following treatments
were tested: ethyl alcohol (100%), ethyl alcohol and distilled
water (80:20%), Magic Rub vinyl eraser, Faber Castell eraser,
and gelatin coating. Treatments were evaluated using visual
inspection, microscopic inspection, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements. Long-term effect
of the treatments on the photographic samples was studied
using artificial aging. Samples were exposed to humid heat
aging conditions at a temperature of 80°C and 65% RH for
5 day. The paper also presents the conservation of a historical
silver gelatin print suffering from mirroring. Treatment
carried out included: disinfection, mechanical cleaning,
and dismantlement of secondary support, deacidification,
tear mending, remounting and retouching.
Keywords:
Silver gelatin prints; Oxidation;, Mirroring treatments;
Artificial aging; Microscopic examination; FTIR; Colorimetric
measurement; SEM; Remedial conservation.
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A.H. Hegab, S.A. Amira, A.S. Taha
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Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts on Fungi Invaded
Limestone of Some Monumental Buildings in Old Cairo
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[
Abstract ]
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The
present work was designed to pinpoint some medicinal plants
as good candidates of antifungal activities. These medicinal
plants were collected from Egyptian Herbalism, and identified.
Extraction of the crude oil using steam distillation method.
Isolation of different fungal species from contaminated three
different historical buildings in Old Cairo (mosque of Tameem
Alrassafy, madrasa of Azbak Al-Yusufi, and the mosque of Yusuf
Agha Al-Heen), which are infected by biological deterioration
on its limestone surface. The antifungal activity of clove,
piper, and thymus crude oil extracts on these isolated fungi
was examined. The potential Sterilization of these extracts
on limestone samples was investigated. The effectiveness of
the treatment using these extracts has been evaluated with
laboratory tests. The results obtained seem to indicate that
this type of treatment will be suitable for monumental stone
conservation. This research is illustrated by a set of tables,
figures, and pictures.
Keywords: Antifungal activity;
Clove; Biological Deterioration; Piper nigrum Linn.; Thymus;
Steam distillation
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M.A. Moulai-Khatir, R.W. Biara
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Colonial Projection on the Public Buildings of the West-Algerian:
Shared Inheritances
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[
Abstract ]
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At the dawn of independence,
the Algerian cities inherit public buildingss bequeathed
by French colonialism. Sidi Bel-Abbès, city of the West-Algerian,
glorifies of a good number of these legacies, wich still
functional. The maintenance, the rehabilitation, or the
reconversion of these public and collectives buildings are
the subject from now on of important operations in the structuring
of the bel-abbessien urban space, with same to direct the
socioeconomic dynamics of the city. Precisely being interested
in the evolution of this type of buildings inherent in the
Bel-abbessien territory, prone to whatever the operation
of safeguarding, this article wants to be to include/understand
the forms of functional change and/or formal which affected
these buildings? Causes at the origin of these transformations?
And if the policies of safeguard and safeguarding of the
public buildingss are in agreement with the undergone changes?
To be done, we will proceed from the start by an identification
of the public buildings inherent in Bel-Abbèssien urban
fabric going up to the colonial period, for then passing
to a reading various touched having changes these buildings.
Keywords: Sidi Bel-Abbès;
Public buildings; Architectural heritage; Colonial period;
Evolution.
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K.K. Salama, M.F. Ali, S.M. El-Sheikh
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Using Nano-Materials in Supporting the Substrate of an
Egyptian Coptic Fresco Painting
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[
Abstract ]
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There
is no doubt that many mural paintings in museums suffer from
the heavy loaded added gypsum layers to the background of
them for supporting, Nano materials produce successful way
for supporting. Currently a comparison between nano materials
(Carbone nano tube, nano calcium hydroxide, nano calcium carbonate
and nano silicon dioxide) and the nature calcium carbonate
which added to the background of the mural painting, The mechanical
characteristics of the treated models were improved in all
cases but in different values scanning electron microscope
to determine the change in properties of the interior structure
of the treated models.
Keywords: Nano-materials;
CNTS; Nano CaCO3; Nano Ca(OH)2; SiO2; Fresco painting
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Regenerative Competence in Root Explants of Rhynchostylis
Gigantea, an Endangered Genera: An In Vitro Study
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[
Abstract ]
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The
neoformations in the in vivo root explants of Rhynchostylis
gigantea depend upon their location, maturity level and chemical
regime.The regeneration is affected by polarity showing basipetal
gradient. The distal ones with intact tips with well developed
root caps showed an extended growth with sub-apical formation
of globular structure whereas,the proximal explants responded
to the presence of cytokinin(Kn) in Mitra et al.,1976 medium.The
effect of cytokinins was accentuated in the additional presence
of NAA and the higher organogenetic responses are observed
in explants when BAP,Kn was used in dose double than that
of NAA.The regenerated plantlets were accilimatized &transfered
to pots filled with moss, pine bark, brick and charcoal pieces
(2:4:1:1) with 90% survival.
Keywords: Orchid; Flowering
plants; Root; Tissue culture; Protocorm-like-bodies; Callus.
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E.F. Mosnegutu, V. Nedeff, A.D. Chitimus, D.I. Rusu, I. Joita
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Aspects Regarding The Siret River Direction-Changing in
the Bacau County Region, Romania
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[
Abstract ]
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Rivers are active agents on the Earth’s crust which lead
to specific geological formations. This process of river flow
shaping the landscape is a continuous and dynamic one. The
study’s objective, as presented in this paper, is that of
identifying the course of the Siret River in the Bacau region,
with the purpose of assessing the new route’s impact on
agricultural lands and human settlements near its vicinity.
Therefore, three cadastral maps have been digitized (maps
were realized in different periods of time, 1954, 1980 and
2010).For a more precise identification of the differences
between the routes of Siret River in these three time intervals
chosen, the river courses obtained by digitalization were
overlapped at 2x2 juxtaposition: the course of 1954 with the
one in 1980 and the course of 1980 with the one in 2010. Through
this overlapping we were able to identify the soil surface
which was subject to margins’ expansion, presented with
negative values and the margins’ reduction process, presented
with positive values. From the graphic representation obtained
we can note that there is no specific area subjected only
to margins’ expansion or only to margins’ reduction, these
processes take place along the entire length of the river.
The greatest value of the margins’ expansion and/or reduction
were obtained between 1980 and 2010 courses with -8900007
m2 value on the left margin and 5289474m2 on the right margin.
The data analysis show that the margins’ expansion is wider
than the margins’ reduction process, which leads to the
enlargement of the water surface and affects the surfaces
boarding the Siret river course.
Keywords: Siret River;
Specific geological formations; River margins’ expansion
and reduction; Preserving the riverbed
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M. Muslihudin, S. Rosyadi, J. Santoso
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Sustainable Traditional Gold-Mining Management In Banyumas,
Central Java, Indonesia
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[
Abstract ]
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Traditional
gold mining in Banyumas is part of other traditional gold
mining in Indonesia. They grow and develop without planning,
calculation, evaluation even permission from the government.
The purpose of this study is to create a program of sustainability
mining management. So that it is not highly risks for people
and the environment. The method used in this study is qualitative
and quantitative. Analysis method was used SWOT analysis and
Analytical Hierarchy Process. The results of the study that
the condition of existing gold mining in Banyumas is not friendly
to the environment and is not based on the principle of sustainability
development. This research produces a program for traditional
gold mining management. that stems from the principle of sustainability.
It takes into account of social, ecological, economic aspects.
Keywords: Management;
Sustainable; Traditional; Gold mining; Banyumas Indonesia
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P. Lupoae, E. Tupu, N. Onea, G. Murariu, L. Georgescu, M.
Tudor, C. Iticescu, M. Lupoae
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An Integrated Approach Concerning Floristic, Phytocoenological
and Ornithological Diversity on Somova-Parches Lacustrine
Complex: Aspects of Their Conservation
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[
Abstract ]
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The
aim of this study represents a complex approach regarding
the analysis of the flora, aquatic and palustre vegetation
as well as the diversity of nesting bird species on Somova-Parches
Lacustrine Complex. Aquatic and palustre vegetation conveys
23 vegetation assemblages, five habitats of national interest,
and three community habitats featuring a well-represented
floristic (87 taxa) and cenotic structure. The amount of phytogeographic
elements is conferred by Eurasian phytotaxa 50.7%, European
and Central-European 5.7%, Nordic–Circumpolar 18.4% and
Cosmopolitan 18.4%. Adventitious and Mediterranean elements
comprise a scarce percentage, merely 1.1%. As regards vegetation
diversity, there has as well been identified an ornithological
fauna typical of the aquatic habitats existing within the
study area. There were found 65 bird species, the majority
being water birds (60%). From the water bird species, 63%
are summer guests and nesting ones. The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo) is a prevailing species in the area, most of its individuals
nesting in Morun Lake colony. The Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps
cristatus), the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)
as well as all observed ducks are subdominant species. The
conservation state of the flora and nesting birds within the
study area enables a sustainable development.
Keywords: Aquatic
plants; Cormorant; Biodiversity; Conservation.
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Sustainable Development of Brownfield Site for a New Landscape
Perception of an Industrial Heritage in the City of Kenadsa
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[
Abstract ]
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A palimpsest of heritage legacies, the city of Kenadsa superimposes
the traces of the historical claim. This sedimentation of
the built environments that persists in the urban landscape,
tells a story and reflects a cultural blend that shapes its
architectural identity. First known by its ‘zaouia’, the
spiritual pilgrimage place of the believers and faithful of
the saint "sidi Mohamed Ben Bouziane"; the cultural and religious
attractiveness of the city of Kenadsa is hastily transposed
into economic and industrial bloom following the discovery
of coal making it the first bright city in Africa proliferating
work for a cosmopolitan population. Today, it only bears witness
to this rich history with a few fallows, including the industrial
wasteland at the entrance to the city. Left to its own devices
for a long time, abandoned without any positive intervention,
this wasteland confers a negative perception of the post-industrial
landscape. Therefore, the objective of this work is to find
a way to preserve the historical and cultural value of brownfield
sites, thus ensuring the sustainability of industrial sites.
To do this, a documentary and then participatory historical
approach will be used.
Keywords: Brownfield;
Kenadsa; Coal; Industrial heritage; Sustainable development;
Landscape perception
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| C.M. Amoah, H. Issifu, D. Tom-Dery, R. Husseini,
B.N. Baatuuwie, K. Ochire-Boadu, W.J. Asante |
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Logging Effects of Illegal Chainsaw Milling and Conventional
Logging in Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve, Ghana
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[
Abstract ]
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Illegal
logging is widely believed to have a greater adverse impact
on the forest resource base of many countries, but field studies
comparing activities of illegal loggers with their conventional
counterparts are few, with some not supporting this general
notion. We conducted field assessments in Krokosua Hills Forest
Reserve in Juaboso district of Ghana to compare operations
of illegal chainsaw millers with conventional loggers in relation
to species felled, adherence to regulation on minimum felling
diameter, extent of collateral damage at stump site and regard
for protection of water bodies in the reserve. We found a
total of 139 felled trees belonging to 17 species. Felling
by Illegal chainsaw millers constituted 37.4% of total felling.
94% of all trees felled by illegal loggers were below minimum
felling diameter and were mainly class 1 species with scarlet
star rating (and including species regarded as depleted in
Ghanaian forests). By contrast, conventional loggers felled
from a wider range of species and conservation priorities
with 59% of felling done below minimum felling diameter. Collateral
damage at stump site was higher for conventional than illegal
loggers, with damage to residual stems being mainly broken
stems. Average distance of stump sites to nearest water bodies
was 24.2 ± 16.7m for conventional loggers, significantly
greater than distance for illegal loggers at 15.2 ± 9.7m,
suggesting that illegal loggers were felling closer to water
bodies. Findings in this study have important implications
for forest resource conservation.
Keywords: Illegal logging;
Logging damage; Diameter felling limit; Chainsaw milling;
Conventional logging; Krokosua Hills forest reserve;
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| I.C. Moga, C. Moisescu, I.I. Ardelean, G. Petrescu,
I. Voicea, B.I. Doroftei |
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New Biofilm Carriers for Wastewater treatment
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[
Abstract ]
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The present study was done to improve the wastewater treatment
efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants which are found
within the recirculated aquaculture systems. Initially, the
research experiments were done in laboratory conditions with
synthetic wastewater. The mobile bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)
technology was improved by some of the authors. A new material
and a new shape for biofilm carriers were proposed, realized
and tested. Improvements in both wastewater treatment efficiency
and the quantity of attached biofilm on the improved biofilm
carriers were obtained. The capability of the MBBR to reduce
the carbon and nitrogen compounds was also investigated.
Keywords: wastewater treatment;
ammonia; biological oxygen demand; photosynthetic microorganisms;
high density polyethylene; biofilm carriers; nitrification;
denitrification
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| N.H.K. Raikhan, M. Ahmad Akmal, A.R. Khairul Izwan |
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Kinetics and Mass Balance Relationship between Laccase
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa nr. 22 with substrate Bisphenol
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[
Abstract ]
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The
strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa NR.22 (Ps.NR.22); an extracellular
laccase producer isolated from a polluted lake in Malaysia
has been proved to grow very well in 1000mg/L Bisphenol A
(BPA). Therefore, the kinetics of BPA utilization and bacterial
growth is investigated to determine the possibility of using
Ps.NR.22 as an alternative method in the bisphenol A (BPA)
removal from aqueous solution and contaminated open water
bodies. This study has been modelled using a shake flask system
with the ability of the strain to remove about 90% of BPA;
recorded after 72 hours of incubation. The kinetic parameters
are verified to improve the biological removal of BPA from
the environment. Effect of various parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperatures, initial BPA concentrations and cell
dosages has been carried out in this study. The optimum conditions
for the removal of BPA within the experiment range of variables
studies were 250mg/L of initial BPA concentration, 6x106 g/L
of cells, pH value of 6.0 and 92 min of contact time. Under
these conditions the maximum removal efficiency was 90.5%
using 1000mg/L and 100% using 250mg/L BPA.
Keywords: Kinetic model;
Mass balance, Substrate utilization; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
NR.22; Wastewater; Laccase
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Publication date: 15.03.2019
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Volume
10, Issue 2, June 2019
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Research
articles
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Are Commercial Pigments Reliable References for the Analysis
of Paintings?
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[
Abstract ]
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When paintings are examined
by spectroscopic techniques, building a robust database
is of major importance, in order to compare the analyses
with reliable references and to correctly understand the
results. The database, which is usually homemade, should
include carefully chosen commercial pigments, which should
be as pure as possible and should correspond to the expected
formula or composition of the historical pigments. Unfortunately,
sometimes no correspondence between the names of the pigments
used by companies and the actual composition of some of
the colors is ascertained. In some cases, the composition
is in fact made up of different chemical compounds; in others
the presence of extenders is revealed, for example gypsum
and calcite. In this paper some cases studies are discussed,
regarding commercial pigments analysed by infrared spectroscopy,
thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence.
The results highlighted the importance of checking the purity
of commercial pigments and excluding any extraneous compounds
while interpreting the results of analytical survey of paintings.
Keywords: Painting analysis;
Pigments; Infrared spectroscopy; Thermogravimetry;
X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence
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Experimental Tests Used for Treatment of Disintegrated
Granite in Valley Temple Of Khafre - Egypt
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[
Abstract ]
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The temple Khafre in Giza
plateau was built with huge stones of limestone, which is
covered with red granite. Most of this granite was taken from
the outside. This granitic casing has been affected by many
exogenous and endogenous deterioration factors, which led
to the weakness of the surface layer and the fall of large
parts of it and causes of a severe damage of the stone materials.
In this study we documented the weathering of these granite
casing using field recording and laboratory analysis to evaluate
their conservation state. Weathering and deterioration aspects
noted through light optical microscope (LOM), polarizing microscope
(PM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mineralogical
characterization was performed using X-ray powder diffraction
(XRD) and Energy dispersive analysis (EDX). Physical and mechanical
properties of Granite were determined. The present study suggests
that the most suitable treatment methods are composed of co-polymer
(Acryloid B66, diluted at 5% in trichloroethylene + Wacker
VB132 (Tetra Ethoxy Silane) or Estel 1000.
Keywords: Khafre temple;
Granite; Deterioration; Consolidation; Acrylic; Ethoxy Silane
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W.N. Wahba, A.A. Fahmi, E.S. Nagaty
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The Evaluation of the Efficacy of two Magnesium Based
Deacidification Methods on the Stability of Three Different
Types of Papers
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[
Abstract ]
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The degradation and embrittlement
of paper is due to the depolymerization of cellulose fibers;
this is induced by acidity and oxidation. An important part
of dealing with these chemically unstable materials is the
neutralization of acid and deposition of a buffer reservoir
to protect the fibers from introduction of acid in future.
Paper deacidification is a fundamental process for achieving
this goal. Any deacidification method chosen must be able
to treat large numbers of items, safely, quickly and cheaply.
The main goal of this paper was to investigate the effect
of two deacidification solutions, which have never been used
in Egypt, on the chemical and physical properties of different
types of paper in order to find an alternative to Calcium
hydroxide the most common deacidification method used in Egypt.
Magnesium salts have been chosen to produce two deacidification
methods, one of them in aqueous media, and the other in nonaqueous
media; however, the magnesium has excellent deacidification
properties and never have been applied in Egypt before. This
paper is concerned with the Evaluation of Magnesium Bicarbonate
(MBC) and Methyl Magnesium Carbonate (MMC), as neutralization
agents, on the stability of paper substrate before and after
accelerated ageing. Deacidification of acid paper samples
(old book and newspaper) coming from wood pulp (20 century)
and whatman paper samples, has been carried out with elaborate
findings. Examinations and scientific analyses have been used
in the assessment of treated samples, to figure out the efficacy
of the two methods on the paper stability. Both methods have
adequate deacidification properties; the pH value of paper
has increased after deacidification. Mechanical testing and
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have proven
considerable stability of mechanical and chemical properties
of deacidified paper after accelerated ageing.
Keywords: Acidity; Hydrolysis;
Methyl Magnesium Carbonate; Magnesium Bicarbonate; Neutralization;
FT-IR; pH; Tensile strength
|
|
C. Melchiorre, S. Palmiero, G. Fatigati, A. Amoresano, G.
Marino, A. Carpentieri
|
|
A Procedure for Combining the Removal and the Identification
of a Patina on a 15th Century Byzantine icon
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
In
our paper, we report a workflow, which combines cleaning procedures
and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the removal
and the identification of a patina from a byzantine 15th century
icon representing the Virgin and Child. Our strategy suggest
a convenient interaction between restoration procedures and
analytical methodologies aimed at the cleaning of the surface
of the artwork and the identification of unknown compounds
responsible for its alteration. These informations can be
very useful not only to return the colors to their original
brightness but to reconstruct the story of the icon too.
Keywords: Patina; GC-MS;
Solvent cleaning; Cultural heritage
|
|
E. Henin, M. Ali, E. Ciliberto, A.M. Gueli, A. Belal, S.
Pasquale
|
|
Investigation and Analysis of Vintage Hand-Colored Photographs
from Francis Amin's Private Collection, Egypt
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
Prior to the introduction of color photographic process, the
only method of producing photographs in color was to apply
coloring agents by hand. Hand-colored photographs were very
popular in the 1920s and they are still produced today. However,
little research has been carried out to study the coloring
agents used in terms of their chemical composition and how
they respond to deterioration agents (i.e., temperature, relative
humidity and UV radiation). The identification of pigments
on hand-colored photographs is necessary to profoundly understand
the material and technique used, and thus select proper conservation
procedures. In many cases, the application of non-invasive
techniques is mandatory since physical sampling of the art
works is not possible. This study represents a research aimed
at studying the hand-colored photographs and the identification
of the pigments. For this purpose, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
is used in detecting elements that make up the photograph
and most significantly the pigments used for hand-coloring.
The paper further discusses the use of multispectral imaging
system as a new approach in photograph conservation field.
While this technique does not provide the analytical capability
that spectroscopies offer, its use has the advantage of being
a rapid solution for the examination of large areas. The paper
looks into another important issue of conservation which is
the impact of different degradation agents on the color of
the photographs. This is particularly necessary for such photographic
materials since they are very sensitive to the surrounding
environment. For evaluating the effect of the principal degradation
agents, a group of photos was exposed to different artificial
aging conditions (i.e. temperature, relative humidity and
UVA). The CIELAB color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were used
to express color change.
Keywords: Hand-Colored
photographic prints; Pigments; Deterioration; Color change;
Artificial aging; Multispectral imaging system.
|
|
Cecco Del Caravaggio's Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian. An
Investigation into Caravaggisti Painting Technique and Technology
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The object of the analyses was the painting Martyrdom of Saint
Sebastian from the Collection of National Musuem in Warsaw.
Cecco del Caravaggio (active c.?1610 - mid-1620s), now known
as Francesco Buoneri, is one of several artists who painted
in the style of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Giulio
Mancini in Considerazioni sulla Pittura, mentions a 'Francesco
detto Cecco del Caravaggio' as one of the great master's more
noteworthy followers. During analyzing the painting (the analytical
light, IR, X- ray, UV, cross- sections, SEM-EDS, XRF, GC-MS,
FTIR), it turned out that the artist made corrections to the
composition, including the most important, changing theme
of the painting. X-ray images show that under the figure of
the saint there is an image of Christ at the column. Examinations
show that the pigments used by the Cecco were typical 17th
century earth-based pigments and similar to Caravaggio palette.
A very interesting part about the palette of the Caravaggisti
is the use of white: they used calcium carbonate or chalk
as an extender to lead white. The research on Cecco del Caravaggio
painting technique was conducted as part of an exploratory
project: Technique and technology of caravaggisti paintings
based on polish museum collections.
Keywords: Materials characterization;
Caravaggisti; Cecco del Caravaggio;
Francesco Buoneri; Painting techniques; Baroque
|
|
H. Barakat, E. Ciliberto, S. Darwish, O. Saqr
|
|
Analytical and Experimental Study of Blemishes Formation
and Preventive Conservation of Cellulose Acetate Microfilms
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
The current study is interested
in evaluating the oxidation process that causing redox blemishes
on processed microfilms. Images on black and white films
are typically formed by metallic silver in a gelatin binder.
When exposed to a combination of moisture in the environment
and pollutants in the air or contaminants in the film's
enclosure, this image silver will corrode. The investigation
and analysis made during this work proved that the oxidation
agent produced by performing the hydrogen peroxide test,
influenced only the silver particles although the gelatin
layer and the film base did not suffer from any oxidation.
The results of FTIR-ATR showed that the base and the gelatin
were affected by hydrolysis regards to the high relative
humidity required for the test. Applying a sacrifice layer
by sputtering coating showed good results in reducing the
formation of the redox blemishes especially in the case
of using copper as a sputtering target comparing to zinc
for cellulose acetate film samples.
Keywords:
Cellulose Acetate Microfilm; Redox Blemishes; Hydrolysis;
Oxidation;
Silver Gelatin; Sputtering; Zinc; Copper
|
|
D.S. Nitiu, A.C. Mallo, L.A. Eliades, M. Garcia Santa Cruz,
M.C.N. Saparrat
|
|
Fungal Monitoring in an Exhibition Room with Egyptian
Mummies in the Museum of Natural Sciences of La Plata, Argentina
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The
cultural properties kept in museums are exposed to different
factors that may affect the integrity. The aims of the present
study were i) to determine the environmental fungal load present
both inside and outside the Egyptian Room of the Museum of
Natural Sciences of La Plata, Argentina, as well as inside
two showcases where Egyptian sarcophagi are preserved, along
a one-year monitoring, and ii) to evaluate the possible impact
of temperature and relative humidity on the preservation of
these mummies. The fungal load was determined by means of
a volumetric air sampling methodology and the environmental
variables by means of specific instruments. The fungal load
found in the four sites studied was of 32843,23 CFU/m3, belonging
to 21 fungal taxa, mainly to the phylum Ascomycota. The most
representative were Beauveria bassiana, Fusarium oxysporum,
Penicillium sp. and Rhodotorula sp. (as a yeast representative),
were common to the four sites, showing a significant similarity
between the outdoor and indoor environments. The temperature
of the exhibition room and that of the two showcases were
either similar or lower than the values recommended by the
UNI 10829:1999 standards. In contrast, throughout the year,
the relative humidity recorded was higher than the recommended
values.
Keywords: Environmental
monitoring; Fungal load; Cultural heritage; Egyptian mummies;
Museum of La Plata; Argentina
|
|
A. Sahab, A. Mounir, O. Hanafy, S. Badie
|
|
Antifungal Activity of Some Selected Fumigants Regularly
Used Against Fungi Isolated from Repository of Dar- Al-Kottob
of Egypt
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
The main goal of this work
was to investigate the prevalence of fungi inside a repository
of Dar al-Kutub during November 2017 and the biological
fungicidal and fungistatic activities of some fumigants
against isolated fungi. Indoor airborne fungi ranged from
10.482 to 83.857 cfu X102. Which were seven species belonged
to five genera of filamentous fungi were detected and identified.
The percentage abundance of the species Aspergillus flavus
(27.11%), Aspergillus niger (22.03%) and Penicillium chrysogenum
(23.73%) were present in high values. On the hand, the other
fungal genera could be arranged in descending order as follows:
Fusarium spp. (7.63%), Trichoderma spp. (4.24%) and Alternaria
spp. (3.39%). The antifungal effectiveness of three selected
fumigants (phostoxin, dettol+isopropanol and paraformaldehyde)
was determined. Complete reduction (100%) in the linear
growth by phostoxin of all tested fungi, whereas a high
growth reduction was also observed by paraformaldehyde.
A potent effect was observed by dettol+isopropanol which
can be arranged on descending order as follows: Penicillium
chrysogenum (96.30%), Trichoderma harzianum (73.00%), A.
niger (69.93%), and then F. oxysporum (55.97%). The most
effective concentration was 20%, whereas the lowest levels
of inhibition was observed against T. harzianum (18.87%),
followed by F. oxysporum (30.30%) at conc. 5%. Dettol and
isopropanol formulation as well as para-formaldehyde had
a significant fungicidal activity on the growth of all tested
fungi). As no growth was appeared (100% inhibition) from
the fungal disc taken from plates of both fumigants against
F. oxysporum, T. harzianum and P. chrysogenum. But, phostoxin
showed fungistatic activity as different levels of inhibition
ranged from 6.66 -73.33% were observed from discs of all
fungi.
Keywords: Fumigants;
antifungal; Dettol; Para-formaldehyde; Phostoxin; Dar-elkottob.
|
|
S.S. Panda, G.N. Jena, D.B. Garnayak
|
|
Characterization of Representative Ancient Potteries:
Chemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Studies
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
This
paper explores the characterization of six potsherd samples
from Udayagiri, India. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with
Energy Dispersive X-ray system (SEM-EDX) were used for the
determination of the mineralogical, chemical and microstructural
analysis of potsherd samples. RO, R2O3 and RO2 were deduced
from chemical composition data using Seger molecular formula.
Present study also emphasis on the investigation of different
methodical approach in terms of firing temperature, clay mineral
type and tempering material in the pottery making process
of that era. The uses of a siliceous or non-calcareous raw
material are probably related to the specific utilization
of the pottery in ancient time. The presence of specific minerals
in the pottery matrix indicates the practice of local clay
mineral. The flux amount reflects of higher firing temperatures,
while clay composition provides the information to understand
production methodology. The tempering materials in all the
samples can be observed in morphological images. The obtained
results also showed that non- calcareous clay minerals were
used for pottery production and potsherds were firing between
the temperatures from 600 to 900 C degrees.
Keywords: Ancient pottery;
XRF; FTIR; SEM-EDX; Firing temperature;
|
|
S. Eskandari, S. Eskandari
|
|
Effect of Fire on Soil Physical and Biological Characteristics in Northern Forests of Iran
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
This
study was performed to investigate fire effects on some soil
and biologic characteristics of Northern forests of Iran.
The soil characteristics included soil moisture and soil particles.
The biologic characteristics included leaf litter moisture
and depth, forest ground cover and fallen trees. For this
purpose, 70 samples of soil and leaf litter were collected
in the burned and unburned areas. The sampling method was
based on random-selecting method. The soil moisture and leaf
litter moisture of samples were obtained by weighing the humid
and dry samples in Soil Science Laboratory. Soil particles
size was measured by hydrometer method in Soil Science Laboratory.
For data analysis, the mean comparison test of two statistical
societies was used because data include two groups (burned
area and unburned area). Thus, Independent-Sample T test was
applied to investigate the significant difference of soil
and biologic characteristics in the burned and unburned areas.
Results showed that there was a significant relation between
mean of soil moisture, clay, silt and sand percent, leaf litter
moisture, leaf litter depth and ground cover in the burned
and unburned areas; while there was not a significant relation
between fallen trees in the burned and unburned areas in this
study.
Keywords: Fire; Leaf litter;
Soil moisture; Soil particles; Fallen trees; Forest ground
cover
|
|
I.A. Zakarya, S.N.B. Khalib, A.V. Sandu
|
|
The Study of Different Aeration Rate Effect During Composting
of Rice Straw Ash and Food Waste in Managing the Abundance
of Rice Straw at Paddy Field
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The composting of rice straw ash with food waste and addition
of effective microorganisms as an additive has been investigated
by using the laboratory-scale of bin composter reactor at
different aeration rates of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8L/min.kg with
an initial C:N ratio 30 of compost mixture. The physicochemical
parameters were monitored for pH, temperature, C:N ratio and
phtotoxicity in term of germination index during 30 days of
composting period. The results showed the longest phase of
thermophilic temperature, minimum C:N ratio and the maximum
GI obtained at compost pile aerated with 0.6Lmin.kg compared
to the other two aeration rate of 0.4L/min.kg and 0.8L/min.kg.
In term of pH for all three treatments of compost pile, the
values obtained are within a range that is acceptable for
the matured compost.
Keywords: Composting;
Aeration Rate; Rice Straw Ash; Food Waste
|
|
G. Deak, F.D. Dumitru, M.A. Moncea, A.M. Panait, A.G. Baraitaru,
M.V. Olteanu, M.G. Boboc, S. Stanciu
|
|
Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Water Treatment Applications
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
Industrialization
on a global scale has led to water pollution with a variety
of persistent organic pollutants, highly toxic and hazardous
to the living organisms and also difficult to remove with
the existing wastewater treatment technologies. Various methods
have been tested for removing these organic contaminants,
among which nanotechnology appears to be one of the most promising
approaches, as nanomaterials present larger specific surface
area and particular physical, chemical and biological properties
(developed due to small particle size) suitable for environmental
applications. In recent years, SiO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles
have been the focus of interest in the wastewater treatment
investigations. In the present paper, ZnO nanoparticles were
synthesized through the hydrothermal method. The concentration
of the alkaline solution was varied in order to obtain ZnO
nanoparticles with a high crystallinity degree. The obtained
nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA). The results showed that the concentration of the alkaline
solution influences the size and shape of the particles.
Keywords: Siret river;
Specific geological formations; River margins' expansion and
reduction; Preserving the riverbed; Course evolution; Simulation
|
|
Local Adaptation Plan of Action Framework and Process
in the Agriculture Sector in Nepal
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
Local
Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) is recognized as a means
to mainstream climate change adaptation into the development
plans at the local level. The GoN developed NAPA and climate
policy prior to LAPA and currently in the process of developing
NAP. The implementation of the local adaptation plans has
started in western Nepal under the NCCSP. This paper analyzes
the LAPA initiatives and process focusing on agriculture including
assessment of local climatic contexts, vulnerabilities, adaptations
and barriers. Moreover, the paper presents the adaptation
cases that has enhanced the awareness and adaptive capacity
at the local level. The assessments followed the qualitative
research, review and analysis using the participatory and
socially inclusive approach. The adaptations were analyzed
for their effectiveness in enhancing the adaptive capacity
of poor and vulnerable. Furthermore, the institutional mechanism
suitable for the LAPA were also assessed and analyzed. The
paper concludes the appropriate procedure for LAPA design
along with the potential actors and their roles. This paper
also suggests the appropriate local government unit (LGU)
for mainstreaming adaptation into the development process
at the local level in the new governance system. Furthermore,
the capacities of the communities and stakeholders need to
be strengthened for effective implementation.
Keywords: Climate change;
Adaptation; Local; Mainstreaming; Agriculture
|
| B. Asir, S. Sundari, J. Doss |
|
In Vitro Multiplication of Clinacanthus Nutans (Burm.f) Lindau. - A Medicinal Plant
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The objective of this study was to develop a rapid system
for generation of the important thai medicinal plant, Clinacanthus
nutans from nodal explant. Single nodal explants were inoculated
on basal MS medium containing 3% (W/V) sucrose, supplemented
with different concentration and combinations of 6- benzyl
aminopurine (BAP), Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole -3
butyreric acid (IBA) for direct plant regeneration. Maximum
number of shoots was observed on the medium containing 0.5
mg/L BAP after four weeks of culture. Regenerated shoots were
separated and rooted on same half strength MS medium of supplemented
with 1.5 mg/L alone for three weeks. Rooted plantlets were
planted in sterile soil mix and gradually acclimatized to
the green house environmental conditions. Hardened plantlets
were maintained in the green house for the field transplantation.
Keywords: Clinacanthus
nutants; MS medium; In vitro; Thai
|
| E. Mosnegutu, V. Nedeff, C.C. Stingu (Palici),
D. Chitimus, D.I. Rusu, I. Joita |
|
Possibilities of Software Evaluation for the River Course
Modification. Case Study: Siret River in Bacau Region Sector
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The
main purpose of this article is to introduce a method helping
us to understand the evolution and changes that occur on a
river route. Route transformations on a river flow are usually
highlighted by maps or ortophotoplans. However, these are
made at a certain time slot and thus they cannot reveal the
factors affecting the river route. Therefore, in this article,
based on three Siret river routes performed in 3 different
time slots, 1954, 1980 and 2010 respectively, was intended
to highlight the distribution mode of the flow velocity by
using the Ansys-Fluent simulation software. Following the
simulation, a series of helpful information revealed the concerned
erosion areas, making thus possible the future assessment
of the Siret river.
Keywords: Siret river;
Specific geological formations; River margins' expansion and
reduction; Preserving the riverbed; Course evolution; Simulation
|
| F.H. Mohammad Yusop, F. Hamzah, S.F. Abdul Manaf
|
|
Characterisation and Solubility Studies on Microencapsulation
of Clinachantus Nutans (Belalai Gajah) Utilizing Sago Starch
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The present study was done to improve the wastewater treatment
efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants which are found
within the recirculated aquaculture systems. Initially, the
research experiments were done in laboratory conditions with
synthetic wastewater. The mobile bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)
technology was improved by some of the authors. A new material
and a new shape for biofilm carriers were proposed, realized
and tested. Improvements in both wastewater treatment efficiency
and the quantity of attached biofilm on the improved biofilm
carriers were obtained. The capability of the MBBR to reduce
the carbon and nitrogen compounds was also investigated.
Keywords: wastewater treatment;
ammonia; biological oxygen demand; photosynthetic microorganisms;
high density polyethylene; biofilm carriers; nitrification;
denitrification
|
| S. Chanthavong, I.E. Buot Jr. |
|
Conservation Status of Plant Diversity at Dong Na Tard
Provincial Protected Area, Lao People' Democratic Republic
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
The
conservation status of plant diversity in Dong Na Tard Provincial
Protected Area (PPA) is still relatively unknown. This paper
aimed to categorize and assess the threatened plants at the
local level for effective park management. The current use
of plants was documented using Key Informant Interviews (KIIs).
There were 70 species in 33 families that were assessed. The
conservation status of plant species was perceived by local
people as very high importance (14.29%), high importance (62.86%),
moderate importance (20%), low importance (1.43%), and very
low importance (1.42%). Based on this study, all plant species
were categorized as critically endangered (5.71% - CR), endangered
(32.86% - EN), vulnerable (44.29% - VU), near threatened (15.71%
- NT), and least concern (1.43% - LC). Data suggested an immediate
need for conservation planning. Strong support for conservation
programs and strict enactment of laws are imperative to address
the threats to plant diversity loss.
Keywords: Dong
Na Tard; Diversity; Utilization; Conservation status; Threatened
species.
|
Publication date: 20.06.2019
|
Volume
10, Issue 3, September 2019
| |
Research
articles
| M.M. Redigolo, M.V.R. Alves, I. Costa, O.V. Bustillos
|
| A Multi-Analytical Study of Brazilian
Commercial Acrylic Paint of Artistic Use |
| [
Abstract ] |
|
Contemporary Brazilian
artists worked massively with paints made in Brazil. Conservation
of acrylic paints is an issue and has been studied for the
past two decades. European and North American paints were
studied in detail, but there is scarce information on paints
produced in other countries. Therefore, it is vital to characterize
Brazilian artist paint and better understand their ageing
process, outlining proper conservation methodologies then.
Complementary analytical techniques were employed to characterize
the paint samples, namely pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
and Raman spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy-energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Results indicate
that Brazilian acrylic blue paints (phthalocyanine and Prussian)
are composed of polystyrene (PS) copolymers, in contrast
to imported paints, mainly composed of poly(metyhl methacrylate)
(PMMA) copolymers.
Keywords: FTIR; Py-GC/MS;
SEM-EDS; Raman; Contemporary art; Phthalocyanine blue; Prussian
blue
|
| Deterioration and Consolidation of
Some Pottery Vessels in Tel Ajrud, Suez, Egypt |
[
Abstract ] |
|
|
Many of excavated archaeological
pottery from Tel Ajrud in Suez had suffered from different
phenomena of deterioration.This kind of pottery needed a consolidation
process for improving physical, mechanical properties and
durability of various deterioration factors. Some archaeological
pottery samples were treated to evaluate some traditional
and nano-silica consolidants. Pottery samples were diagnosed
using Polarized Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope with
Energy Dispersive of X-Ray and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis.
Some consolidation materials such as Paraloid B67, Wacker
BS28, Nano Silica, a mixture of Nano-Silica and Wacker BS28
at a rate of 1: 1, Wacker 290Lwere laboratory evaluated. Different
experiments, tests and examinations had proved poor physical
structure of pottery. They also proved success and efficiency
of one of selected consolidants (First: a mixture of Nano
Silica and Wacker BS28 at a rate of1:1, concentration 1 %,
Second: Nano Silica, concentration 1 %).These consolidants
improved physical and mechanical properties. It showed resistance
to thermal, light and salt accelerated artificial aging. Therefore,
the research recommends using one of two consolidants for
strengthening archaeological pottery excavated from Tel Ajrud
in Suez.
Keywords: Pottery; Consolidation;
Paraloid B67; Wacker BS28; Wacker 290L; Nano Silica; Artificial
Ageing
|
| Conservation, Maintenance and Repair
of the Old Boma Historic Building in Bagamoyo, Tanzania |
[
Abstract ] |
|
|
Good conservation, maintenance
and repair of historic buildings to preserve their integrity
is very important in order to protect and promote built heritage.
Despite this widespread agreement on the importance of maintenance
and repair, many historic buildings do not receive the attention
they arguably deserve in their own right. Although maintenance
theory currently exists, yet the maintenance of historic buildings
is always understated and is considered as a low-status. This
paper therefore sheds right on the history, legal protection,
values, ownership, characterization of materials (i.e. Physical
properties such as bulk density and water absorption; mechanical
properties such as compressive and tensile strengths and chemical
properties), condition, maintenance requirements and appropriate
conservation materials of one of the significant historic
buildings, the Old Boma in Bagamoyo in Tanzania. The characterization
of historic building materials is very important in judging
the quality and capacity of the materials in order to decide
which material is appropriate for conservation purpose The
material's behavior of the conservation should be closely
compatible with the existing ones in terms of physical and
chemical properties in one unified and all-embracing approach.
Indeed, the building in question calls for intensive restoration
before the values attached to it are completely demised in
a sad state of disrepair.
Keywords: Historic building;
Heritage; Conservation; Maintenance; Restoration |
| N.A. Ugong, B. Bala, B.B. Basrah Bee, K. Jusoff |
| The Community Involvement in Sustaining
an Archaeological Site: The Case of Sarawak, Malaysia |
[
Abstract ] |
|
| Community
involvement in archaeological heritage management is the real
opportunities of participation by the local community. The
objective of this study was to assess the involvement of local
community in preserving an archaeological site. Field visits
was conducted to obtain an in-situ preservation while a face-to-face
interview survey was also conducted with the local community
and Sarawak Museum Staff. Their involvements to preserve the
site were recorded. Results showed that community involvement
plays a very important role when they were selected as site
volunteers for different job specs. Collaboration between
archaeologist, heritage managers and local community participation
could help in preserving the sites as one of the Sarawak tourism
products. Without the community involvement, the aesthetic
value of the site will be destroyed or lost due to modernization.
Future work should be conducted on other archaeological sites
elsewhere to develop effective guidelines and policy involving
local community participation.
Keywords: Community involvement;
Archaeological research; Preservation; Sireh cave, Heritage
management, Sarawak, Malaysia
|
| S.T. Widodo, A. Purwantoro |
| The concept of Environmental Conservation
in the Javanese Community in the 19th Century |
[
Abstract ] |
|
|
Environmental conservation in the Javanese-Indonesian community
in the 19th century can be understood clearly from the ancient
manuscript Serat Centhini. This manuscript was written during
the reign of the Surakarta King, Sunan Pakubuwana V (1757
– 1881 AD). The original manuscript, written in Javanese script,
is already damaged so this research instead uses a copy of
the manuscript printed in Latin script and consisting of 12
volumes, published by Yayasan Centhini in Yogyakarta between
1988 and 1992. Following a careful process of reading, classification,
and interpretation, it was found that (1) Serat Centhini contains
two categories of conservation, namely natural conservation
and social conservation. (2) There is more description about
social conservation than natural conservation. Javanese cosmology
views environmental conservation as a kind of union between
man and God (manunggaling kawula lan Gusti) which is the pinnacle
of the life philosophy of the Javanese. (3) Serat Centhini
is an encyclopaedia of Javanese culture which contains information
various fields of traditional Javanese knowledge that are
still relevant to the modern life of today.
Keywords: Ancient manuscript;,
Serat Centhini; Suluk Tambangraras; Conservation; Java; Environment
.
|
| S. Abdelaal, I.C.A. Sandu |
| Assessment of Protease in Cleaning
of Bat Blood Patches from Ancient Egyptian Wall Paintings
and Surface Inscriptions |
[
Abstract ] |
|
|
Wall paintings in ancient Egyptian tombs and temples, suffer
many forms of damage. Protein-based patches is the most dangerous
aspect which results from bats’ wastes. These wastes are bat
blood patches that cover large areas on the surface of wall
paintings. The blood patches caused distorting of the surface
of Egyptian paintings, drawings and inscriptions. The aim
of the present research is to clean and remove these patches
using an enzyme suitable for protein digestion. A variety
of different analyses were used to evaluate the use of the
protease enzyme in the cleaning and removal of blood patches.
The study is conducted using the infrared absorption to assess
the stability of the organic medium used before and after
cleaning. The study also mad use of scanning electron microscopy,
optical microscopy to determine the state of the surfaces
of the wall paintings before and after cleaning, atomic absorption,
elemental analysis units, examined by color change, to evaluate
the effect of colored materials by enzyme cleaning. The results
of the study confirmed the effectiveness of protease enzyme
in the removal of these protein-based bat blood patches.
Keywords: Wall paintings;
Cleaning; Protease; Egyptian; FTIR; SEM; Optical Microscopy |
| R. Narayanmugam, S. Subramaniam, P. Perumalpillai |
| Assessment of Strength Characteristics
of a Heritage Structure - Alamparai Fort, India |
[
Abstract ] |
|
The Alamparai Fort is a
heritage site. The fort structure primarily consists of
free standing tall brick walls surrounding a large area.
The fort faced vagaries of adverse environment and war from
17th Century on the East Coast of Tamilnadu, India, and
at present the walls are in dilapidated condition. There
is a need for conservation of the structure to its past
glory, which requires study on structural stability including
assessment of present conditions of major materials used
such as bricks and lime mortar. This study involved collection
of intact brick samples without any damage but scattered
on the floor; in-situ testing of intact bricks on the standing
walls using non-destructive tests and carrying out laboratory
testing of collected brick samples for assessment of strength
characteristics. Comparison of test results with the old
(heritage) and modern bricks were made such that suitable
intervention could be proposed. The results show that modern
bricks with similar or superior quality (color, composition,
strength and matching with original bricks) could be used
to a greater advantage. Further site investigations are
required to assess foundation details, bearing capacity
and stability calculations for each section or segment of
the fort walls.
Keywords:
Heritage site; Bricks; In-situ tests; Laboratory tests;
Compressive strength; Non-Destructive Test; Rebound hammer
test.
|
| Biofilm Strategy for the Streptosporangium
sp. Survival in Thermo-Induction from 50 to 75 degrees C |
[
Abstract ] |
|
| Malaysian
locally isolated Streptosporangium roseum FETL-88 (Sr-FETL88)
survived thermo-induction from 50°C to 75°C and produced very
stable biofilm formation at 75°C. Therefore, we are projecting
our novel finding of the thermal-barrier-biofilm that help
promoted for the cell survival. SEM has shown that Sr-FETL88
was flagellated; having biofilm formation other than producing
positive black colonies on Congo Red Medium (CRM). We studied
the thickness of the biofilm with temperature increment by
using SEM. The thickest of biofilm formation of 2.04±0.03mm
was recorded with temperature of 75°C. Biofilm components
tested to reveal the highest content of EPS (55%, 5.0 X 1010cell/mL),
lipid (25%, 17.8% of g/L dry weight) and various proteins
(20%, 35.0g/mL). We have confirmed the findings by using ATR-FTIR
spectra result. CLSM analysis of 24 hour biofilms of Sr-FETL88
grown at 75°C has been done with single section (z = 1μm)
through a micro-colony growth of rod-shaped cells with the
EPS stained with LPA lectin in green fluorescence. It is confirmed
that the biofilm has been used by our Sr-FETL88 as a thermal-barrier
to survive 75°C, a rare growth temperature for a Malaysian
locally isolated species.
Keywords: Biofilm; Streptosporangium
roseum; Thermo-barrier; Protein thermostability |
| S.G. Eblin, K.A. Anoh, A.B. Yao, N. Soro, V. Nedeff,
E. Mosnegutu, A.V. Sandu |
| Mapping Groundwater Vulnerability
to Pollution in the Region of Adiake, Southeast Coastal of
Côte D'ivoire: A Comparative Study of three (3) Methods |
[
Abstract ] |
|
This study aims to map
the vulnerability to groundwater pollution in the region
of Adiaké subjected of intense agricultural activities.
The application of intrinsic vulnerability methods (DRASTIC
and SINTACS) gives high vulnerability in the South while
the Susceptibility Index (SI) shows a potentially high (40%)
and very high (60%) vulnerability across the region. The
superposition of nitrate concentrations in groundwater and
vulnerability classes gave a high coincidence rate (71.74%)
with the susceptibility index. The very low margins of error:
1.52% (SI), 2.35% (SINTACS) and 2.90% (DRASTIC) prove that
the applied methods are reliable; the SI method is the most
appropriate and, DRASTIC and SINTACS are in phase with DRASTIC
overestimating vulnerability.
Keywords: Adiaké; Cartography;
Côte d’Ivoire; Intrinsic vulnerability methods, Susceptibility
Index
|
| A.T. Subadyo, D. Poerwoningsih |
| Preservation of Tengger Tribe Yard
Landscape in the Enclave of Bromo Tengger Semeru National
Park, Indonesia |
[
Abstract ] |
|
| The
Tengger Settlement in Ngadas and Ranu Pani villages is a unique
settlement as a part of BromoTengger Semeru National Park
(BTSNP). But the conversion of its land has become a problem
in the management and can threaten the existence of its yard.
This study aims to analyze the facade of the yard, as well
as formulate its preservation model based on Tengger cultural
wisdom. The research method applied in this study is rationalistic
approach of quantitative and qualitative mix. Data were collected
by applying explorative survey methods and interviews. Index
of cultural significance from Turner is employed in analyzing
the utilization of plant species quantitatively. The result
indicates that yard performances in these two villages are
categorized into narrow and medium size, with an average area
of 104 m2. Back and side zones are functioned as cultivation
of food crops, horticultures, herbs, spices and starches (carbohydrate
sources). Plants of strata I and II dominate the yards of
these villages and correlate with the carrying capacity of
narrow garden yards. The management of the yard in Ngadas
and Ranu Pani villages through the conservation and realization
of local wisdom has great potential in the preservation of
the BTSNP landscape.
Keywords: Yard; Ngadas;
Ranu Pani; Conservation; Landscape |
| Seasonal Variation of Prey Density
in Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, India |
[
Abstract ] |
|
| A
3 day transect line survey was conducted in May 2016 and November
2016 in 75 transect lines covering core area over entire landscape
of 1194.75 sqkm2 of similipal Tiger reserve (STR) for relative
abundance of prey species. During survey period prey species
were encountered along the transect lines like sambar, chital,
Barking deer, wild pig, common langur, Rhesus macaque, Indian
gaur, Giant squirrel, pea fowl, Hare and Elephant. In Pre-Monsoon
over all 32.7±4.32SE/km2 prey population was estimated in
Similipal Core division.Simillarly in Post-Monsoon over all
37.3±2.3SE/km2 was estimated in Similipal Core division.Continous
prey population monitoring is going on in Similipal Tiger
Reserve which may indicates the rising of prey populations
in the tiger reserve.
Keywords: Transects; Prey
populations; Density; Similipal tiger reserve; Odisha |
| M.A. Jameel, S. Tabassum, S. Mehmood, T. Shah, M.F. Khan,
M. Kabir, M.N. Awan |
| Does Trophy Hunting of Kashmir Markhor
Really Contributing in its Conservation? |
[
Abstract ] |
|
|
Markhor Capra falconeri, the national animal of Pakistan,
is globally recognized as endangered. The current study was
conducted to find the population size, structure and the contribution
of trophy hunting in conservation and development of Kashmir
Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) in Kiagah valley Kohistan.
Point count method was used to collect data during February
2016 and 2018. The population recorded was 213 and 291 individuals
in 2016 and 2018 respectively. Out of 213 individuals, 12
were adult male, 57 were female, while Young males (between
age of 3 to 7 years) were 28, Yearlings (both male and female
between 1 to 3 year) were 59, Kids (less than 1 year) were
33 and 40 were unknown (Markhor could not be classified by
age and sex). The total density/Km2 area in 2016 was 4.438
individuals/km2 and average sex and age wise ratios; male
to female ratio (M*: F**) was 1:4.75 and kids to female (K*****:
F**) ratio was 1:1.727. While out of 291 individuals, 19 were
adult male, 95 were female, while Yong males (between age
of 3 to 7 years) were 51, Yearlings (both male and female
between 1 to 3 year) were 64, kids (less than 1 year) were
50 and 12 were unknown (Markhor could not be classified by
age and sex) individuals. The total density/Km2 area in 2018
was 6.063 individuals/km2 and Average sex and age wise ratios;
male to female ratio (M*: F**) was 1:5 and kids to female
(K*****: F**) ratio was 1:1.9. Study concluded that community-based
trophy hunting program has helped much in improving the conservation
and management of Markhor.
Keywords: Markhor; Population
size; Trophy; Vantage point; Kiagah valley
|
| M.H.I. Al Muhdhar, F. Rohman, M.N. Tamalene, W.S. Nadra,
A. Daud, Bahtiar, H. Irsyadi
|
| Local Wisdom-Based Conservation Ethics
of Tabaru Traditional Community on Halmahera Island, Indonesia
|
[
Abstract ] |
|
| Natural
preservation is closely related to cultural identity, religious
spiritual values, and recreational activities that give contribution
to the life quality of human population. Local community uses
shared resources and responsible for environmental changes
occurred in their surroundings. The research aims to analyze
religious and cultural-based conservation practices affecting
the biodiversity preservation. The research finds that Tabaru
traditional community had local knowledge related to bio natural
resources conservation ethics, especially plants, by using
religious-based cultural control. Three methods were found:
Sasi, Kasse tanda and Cincang. The conservation values of
Sasi method are religious-based plant protection, utilization,
and management. The community believes that if Sasi posited
in their farm, God will protect and increase their farm yield
and reduce various diseases attack. Kasse tanda in the tradition
of Tobaru traditional community is practiced aiming at improving
the number of fruits and enlarge their size. In addition,
Kasse tanda method could repel pests, for example pest that
will damage the vegetative organs of plant, such as leaves
and stems, and generative organs, such as flowers, fruits,
and seeds. Cincang method is stem incision method. The method
is functioned to reduce coconut bud rot and nutfall diseases.
The method is very effective and practiced up to now. Strategies
to maintain Tabaru traditional community’s local wisdom to
protect biodiversity were: 1) integrating local cultural education
in school curriculum, and 2) create a social engineering in
form of custom rules thus maintain positive local culture.
Keywords: Conservation
ethics; Religion; Culture; Tabaru traditional community. |
| U.H. Goursi, A. Mehmood, M. Sajid, M. Kabir |
| New Distribution Records and Challenges
to the Conservation of Indian Rock Python in Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistan |
[
Abstract ] |
|
| The
aim of the study was to document the new distribution record
and challenges to the conservation of Indian rock python (Python
molurus molurus) in and around District Mirpur and Bhimer,
Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The data on sighting records, distribution,
and threats to Indian rock python were collected through a
consecutive sampling method using questionnaire during July
2014 to October 2015. During the recent study, a total of
30 new distribution locations were recorded for Indian rock
python in and around Deva Vatala National Park. Major threats
faced by Indian rock python in and around the park were mainly
fear of local communities (42.3%) followed by roadside killings
(16.2%), habitat degradation (15.4%), illegal trade for their
fine skin (14.6%), and lack of awareness (11.5%). Majority
of local people (41%) believed that they see Indian rock python
less frequently as compared to past whereas, (35%) believe
that its sighting has been increased during past few years
while (24%) had no idea about increase or decrease of sightings.
Maximum adult male (66%) sightings were reported by locals
in the open area (68.75 %), and during the month of August
(34.37 %). Shepherds were major group responsible for causing
threats to Indian rock python (43.8%) followed by hunters
(20.8%), farmers (16.2%), drivers (10.8%), and shopkeepers
(8.5%). According to our findings (68%), people did not like
Indian rock python whereas, (21%) people liked Indian rock
python, while a little proportion of people (11%) neither
like or dislike it. Majority of people (50%) thought that
Indian pythons should not be conserved whereas, (42.3%) believed
that it should be conserved but there should be compensation
scheme to cover for livestock losses, while (7.7%) did not
supported either conservation or exploitation. The results
of this study will be helpful in national action planning
as well as global action planning for the conservation of
Indian rock python.
Keywords: Indian Rock
Python, New distribution, Threats, Conservation, Azad Jammu
and Kashmir.
|
| Institutional Management on Mangrove
Forest. A Case from Indonesia |
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
The purpose of this research was to identify the institutional
differences of mangrove management according to the characteristics
of the mangrove, the role of the stakeholders, and the implementation
of related regulations. The sampling method used was snowball
sampling on East Lampung Regency and Pesawaran Regency; thus,
the data analysis method used was Institutional Analysis Development
(IAD). The results showed that there were different management
methods for mangrove sustainability, depending on its characteristic
(Kajapah and Kahayan type), the stakeholders involved based
on their interest and the regulations used. The mapping of
the stakeholder role depends on the interaction of the stakeholder,
resource characteristics, and the regulation used. On Kajapah
type there were: i) the University of Lampung, the community
around the forest, the local government, the Watershed Management
Agency, and the Forestry District of Province as the key players;
and ii) the Agency of National Agrarian, Electronic and Print
Media, and NGOs as crowds, with the community being the University
of Lampung. In the Kahayan type, there were: i) community,
fishery and marine district as the crowd matrix; and ii) the
Planning and Development Agency, the Forestry District, and
the Environmental Agency as the key players.
Keywords: Kajapah; Kahayan;
Mapping stakeholder; Regulation; Institutional Analysis Development
|
| Community Composition, Abundance and
Major Conservation Threats of Bird Fauna of South of Omo National
Park, Ethiopia |
| [
Abstract ] |
|
| A
research on the community composition, Abundance and major
conservation threats of Bird Fauna of South of Omo National
Park, Southern Ethiopia was conducted for dry and wet seasons
at 2013. The study area was stratified based on vegetation
(Riverine Forest land (RFL), Grass land (GL), and Bush land
(BL)). To collect data systematic sampling was used. A total
of 107 species were recorded in wet season and 97 in dry season
these species belonging to 16 orders and 52 families. Both
the number of species (85 species) and abundance (7882 birds)
was found to be high in BL. There was a significant difference
in the mean abundance of birds among various habitats (F2,
181 = 3.419, P<0.05). The interference of local community
has had the impact on avian species. Habitat based avifaunal
management involving participation of Woreda and Zonal Government
is recommended for sustainable conservation of the resources
of Omo National Park avian.
Keywords: Species composition;
Abundance; Threat; Riverine Forest land (RFL);
Grass land (GL); Bush land (BL)
|
| Insight to the Spatial Distribution of
Amphibians at Major Wetlands and Associated Ecosystems of
Western Ghats from Maharashtra, India |
| [
Abstract ] |
|
| Present study was emphasized to reveal the comparative status
of amphibian diversity at five major wetlands and their adjoining
ecosystems from Ajara tahsil of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra,
India. Diversity of amphibians was analyzed by using standard
methods as prescribed by standard literature. In deep, diversity
attributes like Whittekar’s B - diversity, diversity indices
such as Shannon (H), Simpson (1-D), Dominance (D) and Shannon’s
evenness indices; Individual rarefication curve and Renyi’s
Diversity Profile were estimated so as to compare diversity
status among studied wetlands. The results of present investigation
divulged that total 22 species of amphibians belonging to
17 genera and 7 families were recorded. On the basis of this
Gavase and Dhanagarmola wetlands were found rich in the diversity.
However, Statistical analysis revealed that Gavase and Dhanagamola
wetlands have similar ecological conditions, hence, amphibian
diversity status was noted similar to each other. On the other
hand, due to high anthropological activities, Yarandol and
Ningidage wetlands exhibited poor amphibian diversity. Comparatively,
Khanapur wetland has an average diversity status.
Keywords: Amphibian diversity;
Wetlands; Whittakar’s B-diversity; Diversity indices; Individual
rarefiction curve; Reyni’s profile. |
Review
articles
| Importance of Seagrasses: A Review For
Fiji Islands |
| [
Abstract ] |
|
| Seagrasses
form large meadows along coastlines of every continent except
Antarctica and have an estimated value of 151.4 billion USD
in the Melanesian region. Seagrasses provide vital functions
such as preventing coastal erosion, improving water quality,
capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere. Globally,
seagrasses have declined in area by approximately 29% since
the beginning of the 20th century, and the rate of decline
is speeding up. Scientists attribute seagrass decline to poor
water quality caused by pollution in run-off, especially nutrients
and sediments that are washed down rivers and into coastal
habitats. Seagrass habitats are far less studied than other
marine ecosystems like coral reefs, and detailed information
about them in the Pacific Islands is lacking. Their nearshore
location makes seagrasses highly vulnerable to human-induced
disturbances, especially impacts related to human population
increase such as urban expansion, water course alteration
and increased loading of sediments, pollutants and algal generating
nutrients. Therefore, this review wishes to highlight their
functions, threats, habitat loss consequence, policy gaps,
and raise awareness for seagrasses. Effectively managing seagrass
ecosystems in the Fiji Islands requires: significant improvement
in awareness of this natural resource and understanding issues
such as ecosystem resilience, run-off, and effective catchment
management strategies.
Keywords: Coastal; Seagrass;
Run-off; Urban expansion; Catchment management |
Publication date: 15.09.2019
|
Volume
10, Issue 4, December 2019
|
|
Research
articles
| G. Montana, L. Randazzo, C. Blasetti Fantauzzi
|
| Archaeometric Characterization of Late Archaic Ceramic from Erice (Sicily) Aimed to Provenance Determination
|
|
[ Abstract ]
|
|
A set of 20 ceramic samples
was autoptically selected from the numerous findings recovered
from the stratigraphic excavations of the late Archaic city
walls of Erice (western Sicily), in order to be analyzed
with archaeometric techniques for provenance determination.
The excavations were recently carried out as part of a research
project funded by the Freie Universiät Berlin and the Fritz
Thyssen Foundation. Specifically, the ceramic material consists
of tableware with a painted geometric decoration of presumed
local/regional production, as well as apparently imported
black-glazed pottery. Both the categories can be traced
back to a chronological period between the second half/last
quarter of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century
BC. The methodological approach was aimed to the characterization
of the ceramic pastes in terms of relative abundance, size
distribution and mineralogical composition of the aplastic
inclusions by the observation of thin sections with the
polarizing microscope. The objective of the microscopic
observations consisted in verifying the existence of textural
and/or mineralogical analogies to be ascribed to the same
clayey raw material and, consequently, to the same production
centre. The chemical analyses of the same set of ceramic
samples were carried out using the ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques
(55 elements in total). The aim of chemical analyses was
to verify the adequacy of the petrographic classification
and identify any chemical marker useful for provenance determination.
All the analyzed samples of painted ceramic with geometric
decoration have consistent compositional and textural characteristics,
to the point of considering their assignment to a single
‘paste group’. Specifically, it was found the use of very
peculiar clay rich in calcareous bioclasts among the included
aplastic and relatively poor in quartz and mica. The production,
well distinguishable from those to date already attested
in western Sicily, could be local. Concerning samples taken
from the ceramic fragments decorated with black glaze, the
evidence derived from mineralogical-petrographic observations
and chemical analyses help confirm their importation from
extra-insular production centres, specifically from the
Attic region. The Ca-poor paste and the peculiar concentration
of many trace elements such as Cr, Ni, Co, As, Pb, Zn, Cu,
Sc, Be, V, Ga, Ge, Sn, Tl in the ceramic body strongly support
this hypothesis.
Keywords: Erice; Sicily;
Ceramic archaeometry; Archaic painted pottery with geometric
decoration; Attic black-glazed pottery.
|
| Comparison of Indoor Climate Features
Following Different Climate Guidelines in Conservation Examples
of Selected Churches in Albania
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Recommendations for relative
humidity and temperature in different buildings of cultural
heritage were initially developed from practical surveys on
the interaction between works of art and the surrounding environment
with its climatic features. Nowadays there are different approaches
in terms of conservation of cultural heritage, while a specific
European standardization activity in this field of conservation
is essential to acquire a common unified scientific solution
to the problems relevant to the cultural property. The cultural
heritage monuments are exposed to weather and influence of
various environmental parameters. Physicals, chemicals and
biological factors interact with constitutive materials inducing
changes both in its compositional and structural characteristics.
A certain aspect of matter transformation is due to the metabolic
activity connected with the growth of living organisms. A
scientific approach is essential for the conservation of cultural
heritage as a preliminary basis that will ensure effective
planning of ordinary and extraordinary maintenance works,
as well to assure their efficacy and durability. The scope
of EN 15757:2010 is to establish standards in the field of
the processes, practices, methodologies and documentation
of conservation of tangible cultural heritage to support its
preservation, protection and maintenance and to enhance its
significance. In this paper we are focused on standardization
on the characterization of deterioration processes and environmental
conditions for cultural monuments in Albania (both church
and mosque, primarily, but not only), with regard to indoor
environmental climate conditions (temperature, relative humidity)
very helpful with regards of conservation, restoration, repair
and maintenance. Three old churches of St. Marry of Zvernec,
St. Marry in Bishqethem Lushnja, dedicated to Christ’s ascension,
and the St. Nicola Church in Shelcan Elbasan with its spectacular
interior completely covered with frescoes by Onufri that belongs
to 15th century were considered as case study within current
paper.
Keywords: Cultural heritage;
Indoor climate; Conservation; Church; EN 15757:2010
|
| T.E. Mebarka, A. Abdessemed-Foufa
|
| Conservation and Enhancement of the 19-20th Century Architecture, Case of the Historic Center of Tebessa in Algeria
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Like other cities in the Maghreb,
Algerian cities have an architectural and urban heritage that
belongs to the colonial period (19th / 20th century), and
occupy an important place in the national real estate.This
specific study deals with the historic center of Tebessa in
Algeria, an example of a large urban and architectural stratification,
the last layer dates back to 1842-1962 (period of French colonization).
This legacy, however, remains unknown and ignored as heritage
and it is in a state of constant degradation, despite its
great heritage value. This worrisome situation of negligence
prompts us to raise the following questions: How can we revalue
this heritage? What is the place of colonial architecture
in Algerian heritage legislation? The aim of this paper is
to determine the value and importance of this heritage through
a dual perspective of knowledge and recognition. Therefore,
a descriptive methodology was selected to express what the
land of Tebessa offers us as an architectural variety of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries in terms of value and state
of conservation, we crossed it with the historical sources
in order to elaborate the heritagization process of this built
heritage.
Keywords: Tebessa; Conservation;
19th and 20th century; Colonial heritage.
|
| Alabaster Sculpture St. Hyacinthus’s Madonna. Problems of Attribution and Restoration
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
This
article presents an art analysis of the alabaster sculpture
“St. Hyacinthus’s Madonna”, which is now stored in the Lviv
Museum of History of Religion. The paper addresses the issues
of composition, style and proportional alignment. Comparative,
compositional and proportional analysis were used to fulfil
the outlined tasks. A method of visual examination was used
to describe a conservation state of the sculpture. A hypothesis
that this artwork belongs to the Romanesque period was developed
on the basis of the carried-out analysis. A restoration programme
was worked out. In addition, the article describes the problems
of alabaster sculpture conservation. Own graphic materials
are given: reconstruction and cartogram of losses, construction
of linear composition. Conclusions concerning the problems
of attribution and restoration were made based on the carried-out
study. Besides, the article recommends further technological
examination of this cultural property.
Keywords: St. Hyacinthus’s
Madonna; Alabaster; Sculpture; Attribution; Restoration problems.
|
| The Impact of Additional Losses in Amorphous Transformer Cores on Vibrations - In the Context of Protection and Conservation of Exhibits and Historical Objects
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Modern materials are increasingly used, directly or indirectly,
in the protection of monuments. Electrical equipment is used
in all laboratories, where monuments are subjected to conservation
or restoration. Transformers are included in most of these
electrical devices; and, in museums and laboratories, there
are also distribution transformers. In these transformers,
idling losses (also known as ‘transformer core losses’), play
a major role in relation to significant changes in load. Materials
in which magnetostriction occurs are commonly used to manufacture
transformer cores. During the magnetization of the magnetic
core of the transformer, there is a change in its dimensions,
resulting in the formation of mechanical waves; these waves
propagate, both in the air (giving the characteristic sound
of a transformer in operation - with significant intensity
for large installations), and also in the building structure
- through fixtures installed in the ground and walls. High
magnetostriction of the core material also creates significant
releases of heat - which should be removed, so as not to damage
the stored exhibits. Electrical devices usually work at low
frequencies of 50 Hz - which causes the formation of waves
of considerable wavelengths in the building structure. The
suppression of these waves is problematic, and even at low
amplitudes, in the long-term such waves can cause plastic
deformation or fatigue of the materials from which exhibits
are made, hence resulting in their gradual degeneration. Using
a carefully selected chemical composition and an amorphous
structure, material properties can be modeled in such a way
as to obtain a material with almost zero magnetostriction.
In addition, changes in chemical composition can lead to the
reduction of losses on remagnetization; i.e. the reduction
of energy consumption and the associated release of adverse
heat. One of the components of losses due to magnetization
is that of ‘additional losses’. As part of this work, amorphous
samples of two alloys, Fe60Co10Y8Ni2B20 and Fe60Co10Y7Ni3B20,
were produced using injection casting method. Dynamic performance
tests were carried out on the manufactured materials using
a Ferrometer. Based on the loss measurements, additional losses
were determined in relation to the maximum induction. The
relationship between the percentage share of additional losses
and the maximum induction was found for both of the examined
alloys.
Keywords: X-ray diffractionș
Low-frequency mechanical waves core losses; Additional losses
|
| S. Abdelaal, R. Yamani, M. Abdel-Fatah, I.G. Sandu
|
| Salt Weathering of Imni Tomb. Problem
Identification and Characterization
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Imni Tomb is one of the most important tombs in Lisht, which
was called Ist tawy in ancient Egyptian language. It is located
about 60 km south west of the Egyptian capital Cairo, its
history dating back to the Middle Kingdom that included two
phases, the 11th Dynasty and the 12th Dynasty between 2050
to 1710 B.C. El-Lisht was investigated in 1882 by Egyptologist
Gaston Maspero. The tomb suffered from salt weathering. The
salt crystals can be seen clearly and starkly in the form
of thick crust on the exposed surface of the tomb limestone
and on the painted inscriptions. It led to losing some inscriptions
and damaging others. Crystallized salts appeared in several
forms; fluffy, needle, prismatic and cubic form. This proposal
aimed to study the action of salts in Imni tomb, through studying
the types of salts, the building materials and the nature
of bed rock surrounding the tomb. types of salts formed were
investigated to identify their origin, source and the crystallization
process as well as studying the quality of building materials
in the tomb, the bedrock to see the impact of salt weathering
on them, and to determine the root causes of the problem and
to develop a proposal for treatment and conservation. This
study was carried out by using a variety of methods of analysis
and examination. Physical properties of the building materials
of Tomb. Generally, the results indicated that Calcite (CaCO3)
was the main component of the Imni tomb and Halite (NaCl)
was the main crystalized salt on the surface. The main source
of these salts is the mother rock, where the salts are present
in abundance and density. Salts crystallization in-between
the minerals grains or below the exterior surface was the
main cause of deterioration the exterior polish surface of
the limestone blocks and what they had of painted inscriptions.
Keywords: Egypt; El-Lishet.;
Imni Tomb; Salt weathering; XRD; XRF; Polarizing Microscopy
|
| H. Tawalbeh, M. Al-Naamneh, W. Al Sekhaneh, W. Hwari
|
| The Role of Cultural Heritage Resources
Conservation in Educational Textbooks of Social and National
Education in Basic Stage in Jordan
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
This study seeks to investigate
the role of Jordanian educational curricula in promoting
and preserving the various forms of Jordanian cultural heritage.
By adopting the approach of content analysis, it primarily
examines the textbooks of the subject “social and national
education” for the grades 4-10 in the Basic Education Stage
to evaluate their role in educating students about cultural
heritage and raising their awareness of its value. The study
reveals that the textbooks under investigation have failed
to educate students about how to deal with their cultural
heritage and how to preserve it, particularly against the
various threats and abuses that endanger it. This demonstrates
the urgent need to integrate heritage education in school
curricula as a significant pedagogical force in order to
enhance and enrich students’ understanding and appreciation
of cultural heritage.
Keywords:
Cultural heritage; Education; Social and national textbooks;
Jordan
|
| V. Luca, O. Corbu, I. Sandu, I. Bucur
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| Rimetea, an Example of a Traditional
Village from Romania
|
[ Abstract ] |
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Following
the Roural Group’s fields study for Romanian Rural Arhitectural
Guides, it was found that the main issues of the villages
are the lack of jobs and an appropriate educational system.
The village of Rimetea (Alba County) has an ascendant trajectory:
its development, started in 1996, brought a lot of benefits
in terms of tourism, economy, social and cultural life; for
23 years, the coordinators of the traditional Rimetea’s settlement
rehabilitation project have carried out a hard work having
a big goal: raising awareness among the locals regarding their
architectural heritage. In 2000, Rimetea was already in an
architectural protected area. This is not the only evolutionary
moment of the village, because between the 15th and the 18th
centuries, Rimetea becomes a settlement by the number of blacksmiths
and demographics. As a conclusion, today Rimetea should be
a role model village with jobs and a good level of education,
but the field study shows that there is an essential thing
missing: the lack of youth (the workforce)- the future! They
have the duty to carry on the spirit of the place. With decreasing
natural growth, the current population is represented by the
aging population (>70 years) in a 60%-70% range. In this
direction, warning signs must be issued.
Keywords: Rimetea; Rehabilitation;
Rural; Village; Future; Natural growth; Demographics
|
| A. Gunawan, F.M. Edison, W.Q. Mugnisjah, F.N.H. Utami
|
| Indonesian Cultural Landscape Diversity:
Culture-Based Landscape Elements of Minangkabau Traditional
Settlement
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[ Abstract ]
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|
Indonesia is an archipelago
country that has high diversity in the form of biodiversity,
cultural diversity, as well as the diversity of landscape
visual characters. These diversities are interrelated to
each other and form a tropical character of Indonesian traditional
landscape. Minangkabau is one of the largest tribes that
is well known for its rumah gadang (big house). The houses
were culturally arranged into an attractive traditional
settlement. The settlement was constructed by elements that
support Minangkabau people’s lives. Those elements need
to be appointed through research based on local culture.
Purpose of the research was to study culture-based elements
of Minangkabau traditional settlement landscape. The research
site was located in Jorong Pariangan, Tanah Datar Regency,
West Sumatra. The research used a descriptive method by
using content analysis for custom manuscripts and interview
results that contain elements of the settlements. The results
show, there are twelve elements grouped into four basic
elements: houses, mosque, surau, gelanggang (arena), medan
nan bapaneh, cemetery, main road, tapian, river, forest,
mixed garden, and ricefield. Minangkabau people activities
accomodated by the elements were working, worshipping, learning,
mastering self-defense, socializing, family care, recreation,
cultural festival, funeral, and making judgment.
Keywords: Vernacular;
Rumah gadang; Pariangan; Design concept; Landscape Pattern;
Local wisdom
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| Sundari, A. Mas’ud, E.L. Arumingtyas, L. Hakim, R. Azrianingsih,
D. Wahyudi
|
| Taxonomical Status of Local Durian
(durio spp.) from Ternate Island North Maluku Base on Morphological
Character and Geographical Factor
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[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Ternate
Island has high variations of durian (Durio spp.). In the
area, durian has many vernicular names as well as phenotypic
differences. Currently, information about genetic diversity
and taxonomical status has not enough yet. This research first
reported the taxonomical status of local durian from Ternate.
This study aimed to investigate and identify of species that
have not been identified in order to taxonomical position
be clearly. The results revealed that the taxonomical status
of local durian (Durio spp.) in Ternate island can be grouped
as species Durio zibethinus Murr and have distribution pattern
spread in lowland. Durian pondak (T17) is know that the ancestor
of the local durian from Ternate. Durian Afo (T22) and durian
Moya (T23) are know that the highest similarity of morphological
character. These three local durians are the native durian
from Ternate. The phenomenon of anomaly for D zibethinus Murr.
from Ternate have lowland hotspot with coastal environmental
factors. In generally D zibethinus Murr can grow well in the
highlands this is different for native Durio spp from Ternate
island.
Keywords: Taxonomical
status; Durio spp; Native; Sinaphomorphy; Ternate
|
| O. Imarhiagbe, E.I. Aigbokhan
|
| Studies on Thonningia Sanguinea Vahl.
(balanophoraceae) in Southern Nigeria. RANGE and Host Preference
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
|
Studies
on the host-parasite relationship are intrinsically linked
with the nature of parasitic plants. No such records have
been recorded for Thonningia sanguinea (Balanophoraceae),
a rare, cryptic, obligate holoparasitic plant endemic to tropical
Africa. This study reports on its host range and preference
in Southern Nigeria. Its presence and current distribution
ranges were plotted from reconnaissance surveys conducted
across selected forested areas in Southern Nigeria, comprising,
national parks, forest reserves, and community-managed forests.
To detect specific hosts, soil excavation leading from parasite
to host was conducted. The results showed a broad host range
with a special preference for native trees and members of
the Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae. Among the common host trees
were: Guarea cedrata (Meliaceae), Lophira alata (Ochanaceae),
Musanga cecropiodes (Urticaceae), Myrianthus arboreus (Urticaceae),
and Ricinodendron heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae). Only Hevea brasiliensis
and Theobroma cacao were of exotic origin. Lophira alata was
the most susceptible infected host plant with a percentage
infestation rate of 28.77, while Musanga cecropiodes had the
highest percentage occurrence as host with 31.57 %. This finding
could have significant implications on the conservation status
of the plant, which accounting for current IUCN status is
Not Evaluated (NE). In situ conservation is however recommended.
Keywords: Parasitic plant;
Cryptic; Host range; Conservation; Thonningia sanguinea
|
| Dietary Taboos as a Means of Ethnic
and Place Identity of the Bono People of Ghana: Indirect Cultural
Practices for the Conservation of Fauna Species
|
[ Abstract ] |
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This study explored the dietary taboos of the Bono people
in four selected communities in the Techiman Municipality
of Ghana. Arguments from the symbolist and materialist perspectives
are presented in the paper within the framework of the Durkheimian
theory of sacralization. Qualitative empirical data from 85
purposively sampled participants consisting of traditional
chiefs, traditional priests, elderly residents and park officers
in the Wildlife Division (Forestry Commission) of Ghana formed
the basis of the study. Personal interviews, Focus Group Discussions
and non-participant observation under the phenomenology research
method were the means of data collection which were analysed
thematically. The symbolist perspective of the study revealed
the socio-cultural significance of the dietary taboos as markers
of ethnic and place identities of the Bono people. The materialist
perspective argued the ecological benefits of the dietary
taboos in maintaining the buoyancy of the ecology and ensuring
the conservation of fauna diversities in the region. The study
concludes that dietary taboos hold high potentials as behavioural
control mechanisms for regulating the attitudes of people
towards the resources in the environment. Also, traditional
authorities in local regions could be used as regulatory bodies
in ensuring the implementation of environmental conservation
programs by the environmental agencies.
Keywords: Dietary taboos;
Ethnic identity; Fauna diversity; Bono people; Conservation;
Culture; Place identity; Theory of sacralization
|
| S. Withaningsih, Parikesit, J. Iskandar, D.M. Prawiradilaga
|
| Conservation and Management Strategies
for the Sustainability of Raptors in a Human-Modified Landscape
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
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Raptors
are indicators of biodiversity, environmental health and habitat
quality because of their sensitivity to human disturbance
and environmental contamination. Nest site selection can have
important nesting success consequences in raptors. In relation
to this, a spatial analysis was undertaken to assess the relationship
between landscape structure and the presence of predator nests
in the human-modified landscape of Panaruban and Telaga Warna,
West Java, Indonesia. The methods used in the study were qualitative
(descriptive analysis) and quantitative (using Fragstats v.2.0).
The study employed four circular buffers at distances of 250,
500, 750 and 1000m around each nest tree in order to analyse
the relationship between raptor nest occurance and landscape
structure. The results showed that the landscape of Panaruban
and Telaga Warna is a mosaic consisting of natural and artificial
vegetation of different structures. The four species of raptors
identified were the Javan hawk eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi),
the changeable hawk eagle (Spizaetus. cirrhatus), the crested
serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) and the Indian black eagle
(Ictinaetus malayensis), which tend to select nesting sites
that have alow degree of landscape contrast for a distance
of 250m around the nest. In terms of landscape complexity,
however, there were no great differences among the nesting
sites at a distance of 250m. The edge density around the Indian
black eagle nest was higher than for the other nests at distance
of 250–1000m. Characteristic differences in nest site selection
may be due to landscape structure at different scales around
the nest. Certain management strategies should be undertaken,
step by step, in order to maintain the sustainability of the
raptor population and, at the same time, contribute positively
to the local people living in the human-modified landscape
in Panaruban and Telaga Warna.
Keywords: Landscape; Nesting
site; Raptor conservation; Spatial analysis; Sustainability
|
| A. El Harim, E. Cherkaoui, M. Khamar, A. Nounah
|
| The Impact of the Depollution Project
on the Quality of the Estuarine Ecosystem of Bouregreg (Morocco
Atlantic Coast)
|
[ Abstract ] |
|
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On
the Moroccan Atlantic coast, the Bouregreg estuary, known
as a site of biological and ecological interest due to its
great diversity of flora and fauna, has never ceased to cope
with the numerous anthropic disturbances. In the context of
environmental protection, a depollution project for the Bouregreg
estuary and the coastline was launched in 2006. Present study
proposes to evaluate the impact of eight years of depollution
project estuary of Bouregreg, on the quality of its three
components: water, sediment and benthic macrofauna. For this,
six companions of studies of the benthic macrofauna were conducted
along the Bouregreg estuary (8 study stations). In parallel,
a follow-up of the characteristics of water: physicochemical
(dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, BOD5, nitrates,
orthophosphates, organic matter, mineral matter), bacteriological
(faecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) and edaphic (granulometry
and heavy metals) a been carried out during the four seasons
of 2014-2015.
Keywords: Benthic macrofauna;
Bacteriological; Bouregreg estuary; Depollution project; edaphic;
Physicochemical parameters
|
| R.P. Varela, J.R. Cayomo, R.A. Vanzuela, C.R.R. Millan |
| Plant Species Growing in Lateritic
Soil with Ornamental Potential for Mined Land Rehabilitation
|
|
[
Abstract ]
|
|
|
Mine rehabilitation planning involves identifying plant species
that can survive in the lateritic soil which is rich in nickel
and iron but poor in the major nutrients. Thus plant species
growing in the disturbed and undisturbed areas of the nickel
mine were assessed. Thirty different species in the disturbed
and undisturbed areas were identified and found to be highly
tolerant of soil rich in nickel and iron content. Pteridium
aquilinum, Saccharum spontaneum, and Imperata cylindrica were
the most dominant species in the area based on presence in
the various elevations of the mine site. The plant analysis,
however, revealed Crypteronia paniculata and Leucosyke capitellata
to have the highest content of nickel and iron. These two
species have potentials for use as ornamental plants. These
species can, therefore, be integrated into the mine rehabilitation
program for eco-restoration and livelihood among people in
the host communities.
Keywords: Mine rehabilitation;
Ornamental plants; Laterite; Mined land; Ecosystem restoration
|
| L. Dinca, G. Murariu, C. Iticescu, M. Budeanu,
A. Murariu |
| Norway Spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.)
Smart Forests from the Southern Carpathians
|
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
A
The study begins with a complete analysis of the entire Norway
spruce stands (36.183) from the Southern Carpathians. The
main characteristics of these stands were analyzed, followed
by a classification of their characteristics on favorability
classes (from 1 to 5, from the lowest to the highest) based
on their framing within the smart forest category. This classification
has taken into account both the stand growing characteristics
(diameter, height, volume, current growth), as well as some
stand qualitative traits (lopping, vitality), forest functions
(production/protection subunit, functional group and category)
or site characteristics (flora, soil, forest type, station
type). This is the first time when stands were classified
based on their general adaptability character towards environment
conditions, quantifying the notion of smart forests. The most
representative Norway spruce smart forests are spread out
in Retezat, Ierului, Șureanu and Piatra Craiului Mountains,
at altitudes between 1000-1300 meters, on shaded expositions,
dystric cambisol soils, in stands aged between 90 and 150
years. The participation percentage of Norway spruce in the
stand composition and the field’s inclination does not influence
the apparition of spruce smart forests. The usage of the term
“smart forest” and the classification of stands in this category
is a scientific and practical activity for the future.
Keywords: Smart forest;
Stand; Stand growth; Forest functions; Site characteristics
|
| F.F. Sukatis, N.M. Noor, N.A. Zakaria, A.Z. Ul-Saufie,
A. Suwardi |
| Estimation of Missing Values in air Pollution
Dataset by Using Various Imputation Methods
|
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
The aim of this study is to determine the best imputation
method to fill in the various gaps of missing values in air
pollution dataset. Ten imputation methods such as Series Mean,
Linear Interpolation, Mean Nearest Neighbour, Expectation
Maximization, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, 12-hours Moving Average,
24-hours Moving Average, and Exponential Smoothing (α = 0.2,
0.5, and 0.8) were applied to fill in the missing values.
Annual hourly monitoring data for ambient temperature, wind
speed, humidity, SO2, NO2, O3, CO, and PM10 from Petaling
Jaya and Shah Alam were used from 2012 to 2016. These datasets
were simulated into three types of missing data patterns that
vary in length gaps of missing patterns, i.e. simple, medium
and complex patterns. Each patterns was simulated into two
percentages of missing, i.e. 10% and 20%. The performance
of these imputation methods was evaluated using four performance
indicator: mean absolute error, root mean squared error, prediction
accuracy, and index of agreement. Overall, the Expectation
Maximization method was selected as the best method of imputation
to fill in the simple, medium and complex patterns of simulated
missing data, while the Series Mean method was shown as the
worst method of imputation.
Keywords: Air pollution;
Estimation; Missing data; Imputation methods; Simulation;
Performance indicators. |
| W. Sochacki, K. Bloch, S. Garus
|
| Monuments Protection Against Vibrations and Noise Using Quasi One-Dimensional Acoustic Barriers
|
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
Continuous industrial development also entails negative effects such as increasing the intensity of road traffic or the use of more efficient but louder and vibration-producing industrial equipment. This generates high-intensity acoustic waves, which, apart from adverse effects on people, cause vibrations in historic architectural structures that can propagate throughout the building and affect exhibits. Strictly defined vibration frequencies even at low intensity can lead to resonance phenomena and destruction of the object. Modern phononic crystals, due to the occurrence of the phononic bandgaps phenomena (waves with given frequencies do not propagate in the structure) allow to eliminate unfavorable frequencies and to significantly reduce the energy carried by mechanical waves. The use of a genetic algorithm along with the transfer matrix method with a properly selected objective function proposed in the article allows for the design of quasi-one-dimensional structures allowing the construction of acoustic barriers with optimal properties that allow protection against mechanical waves of high intensity of particularly valuable places. As an example, the design of transparent 10, 15 and 20-layer barriers made of glass and PVC is shown. A significant reduction in the sound pressure level for the acoustic frequency range has been demonstrated.
Keywords: Vibration protection; Noise barriers; Transfer matrix; Genetic algorithm; Mechanical wave propagation |
Review
articles
| B. Sanchez-Diaz, E.E. Mata-Zayas |
| Remote Sensing as Indispensable Technology
in Ecology to Support the Protection of Biodiversity. A Review
|
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
The
most promising application of remote sensing, at present,
in ecology is related to the field of biodiversity. Some of
the main threats to biodiversity are the fragmentation and
loss of habitat due to deforestation caused by human activities;
which in turn accelerates extinction rates in the species.
However, biodiversity is difficult to quantify and measure,
which is why remote sensing is a valuable tool for ecological
research since, given its characteristics of spatial, spectral,
radiometric and temporal resolution, it is possible to try
to measure certain variables of biodiversity. However, ecologists
and space agencies, in a joint effort, have defined a list
of essential variables with which biodiversity can be monitored
from space. Thus, there is a need to implement new approaches
and tools for their study and conservation, using remote sensing
as a tool to support decision-making processes in biodiversity
conservation efforts throughout the world.
Keywords: Biodiversity;
Satellite images; Variables; Conservation
|
| A Review on Management of Water Resources
in South Africa
|
| [
Abstract ] |
|
|
Globally
water is a vital need. South Africa is getting quite less
amount of rainfall (500 mm) in comparison to the global average
(860 mm). This low rainfall coupled with wide variability
in rainfall across wet eastern and dry western regions poses
great challenges. This calls for integrated water resources
management which encompasses synchronized expansion as well
as management of not just water but also land and aquatic
ecosystems. Besides water scarcity, a number of other hurdles
exist including frequent droughts, flooding, salinity, illegal
water abstraction and water allocation. Further, surface groundwater
aquifers limit the full exploitation potential of groundwater
resources. Pollution of groundwater is a challenge since groundwater
is the most economical water resource for most small towns
and rural villages. Based on the provisions of the National
Water Act, 1997 of South Africa, a National Water Resources
Strategy was developed but not able to resolve the issues.
In this review, the different components of water resources
management, in context to South Africa are discussed. Different
categories of water usage spanning domestic, industrial, mining,
hydropower and irrigation have been included. The overall
ecological and environmental balance for ultimately sustaining
has also been discussed.
Keywords: Water scarce;
Climate change; Pollution of groundwater; National Water Act;
South Africa
|
Publication date: 15.12.2019
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